Aquamin TG® is a plant-derived organic mineral source produced from red algae (Lithothamnion calcareum). Aquamin TG® contains calcium in the highest amount. Besides calcium, it provides a natural combination of around 72 macro- and microelements. This highly complex formula composition makes Aquamin TG® unique in the calcium supplement range.

Aquamin MG TG ® Marine-Magnesium extracted from seawater contains natural, easily absorbed MgHCl, ensuring the bio-availability and incorporation of magnesium. Magnesium is an essential mineral for the body as it plays a diverse and very important role. It helps maintain normal skeletal function, has a role in protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism, and nerve and muscle function through the action of a number of enzymes, and contributes to the maintenance of normal psychological function. ^EFSA

Some researchers have suggested that magnesium deficiency may be responsible for more diseases than any other nutrient. It is very important to maintain an optimal level of magnesium, as a mild deficiency can lead to loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, fatigue and weakness, followed by leg cramps, muscle pain and muscle spasms.

There is a significantly lower incidence of osteoporotic bone fractures among Asian peoples, who consume far more soy than Western societies. Isoflavones are classified as phytoestrogens because of their structural similarity to 17-beta-oestradiol ¹, thus they bind to both types of oestrogen receptors ERalpha and ERbeta, which are found in the reproductive organs, skeletal system, cardiovascular system, and central and peripheral nervous system. ² Despite the receptor binding, isoflavones are more likely to act as selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). ³ Animal studies have shown that a diet supplemented with soy isoflavone improved bone health in normal and osteoporotic rodents. Moreover, studies in cell cultures have shown that soy isoflavones affect osteogenesis and osteoclast genesis through their oestrogen receptor-binding activity. The effects of soy isoflavones on calcium channels have also been documented. ⁴

¹ Jacquot és mtsai, 2003.
² Ward és mtsai, 2010.
³ Bennetts és mtsai, 1946; Moule, 1963; Leavitt és Wright, 1963; Setchell és mtsai,1987
⁴ Chin KY et al, Can soy prevent male osteoporosis? A review of the current evidence, Curr Drug Targets 2013 Dec;14 (14):1632-41). Atkinson C et al, Gut bacterial metabolism of the soy isoflavone daidzein: exploring the relevance to human health. Epub 2013 Nov 18., Exp Biol Med (May- wood). 2005 Mar;230(3):155-70.

We can thank the American biochemist Elmer McCollum for the discovery of vitamin D. His research focused on the influence of diet on health. As a result of his research, the effect of vitamin D on the bone has been known since the 1920s. However, in recent years it has been demonstrated that its role in the body is far more complex. Activated vitamin D is in fact a steroid hormone whose receptor can be detected in almost all cell types and it has a proven role in regulating the transcription of over 200 genes.

Surprisingly, insufficiency of vitamin D is one of the most common deficiency states in the developed world. Growing evidence suggests that a very high proportion (over 54%) of the population has relative hypovitaminosis D that does not yet cause osteomalacia. ^1,2 Surprisingly, hormone deficiency is widespread not only among the elderly in care, but also among the population as a whole, both in Hungary and around the world. ³

Vitamin D levels decrease with age and this decline is inversely related to bone mineral content and the degree of bone resorption. 4 If this occurs, calcium absorption is reduced and the rate of bone remodelling accelerates, leading to bone loss. An increasing number of studies demonstrate the benefits of vitamin D supplementation and treatment outside the skeletal system. It has now been shown to contribute to the normal functioning of the immune system and to play a role in cell division. ^EFSA

¹ Chapuy MC, Preziosi P, Maamer M, et al: Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in an adult normal population. Osteoporosis Int 1997; 7:439-443.
² Gloth FM, Gundberg CM, Hollis BW, et al: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in a cohort of homebound elderly subject compared to a normative matched population in the United States. JAMA, 1995; 274:1683-1686.
³ Fischer M, Lakatos P. A D-vitamin ellátottság vizsgálata 65 év feletti idősek körében. Ca és Csont 2000; 3:22-24.
⁴ Orwoll ES, Meier DE. Alteration in calcium, vitamin D, and parathyreoid hormone physiology in normal men with aging: relationship to the development of senile osteopenia. J Clin Endocrinol 1986; 63:1262-1269.

Fat-soluble vitamin K was discovered in 1929. Vitamin K has two main forms, vitamin K1 and vitamin K2. Vitamin K2 is produced by bacteria in the large intestine. From there it passes through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream, where it is converted into one of the various blood clotting factors. It also has a role in the production of specific proteins. Vitamin K acts as a cofactor necessary for the functioning of enzymes that carry out the carboxylation of certain proteins. The resultant (Gla) domains are needed for proper protein structure and function. In 1976, a description of the gamma-carboxylated protein of bone was published.¹ The molecule was later named osteocalcin. Osteocalcin promotes bone mineralisation, linking the inorganic mineral content to other proteins that make up the bone matrix, such as collagen. The structure of osteocalcin also contains Gla domains that are necessary for its functioning, and their formation is vitamin K dependent. It can be concluded that studies with large case numbers confirm the data from in vitro and animal experiments and basic research that vitamin K plays a role in bone metabolism.² The beneficial bone effect of vitamin K2 in healthy people who do not have osteoporosis has not been demonstrated.³ In view of the scientific evidence, the EFSA has formally declared that ‘vitamin K contributes to the maintenance of normal bones.’ ^{EFSA 123.127.128.2879}

¹ Price, P.A., et al., Characterization of a gamma-carboxyglutamic protein from bone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1976. 73(5): p. 1447-51.
²Zoch, M.L., T.L.Clemens, andR.C.Riddle, New insights in to the biology of osteocalcin. Bone, 2016. 82: p. 42-9.]
³A Magyar Osteoporosis és Osteoarthrológia Társaság állásfoglalása a K2-vitamin csontanyagcserére gyakorolt hatásairól. 2016.02.19.

Warning. Because of the vitamin K2 content of Novosseum™, blood coagulation factors and parameters should be checked periodically in patients receiving anticoagulation treatment.

Silicon is the second most abundant element on Earth after oxygen. The average human body contains 1.4 g of silicon (the most abundant trace element after iron and zinc) but, surprisingly, its exact function remains unclear. Animal experiments conducted in the 1970s reported that dietary silicon deficiency causes defects in connective and skeletal tissues and that silicon is concentrated during the mineralisation of growing bones. Studies conducted over the last 30 years have complemented these findings and suggest that dietary silicon may be important, or at least beneficial, for bone formation and bone health. However, it is very difficult to get a sufficient amount of pure silicon from an everyday diet.

Diatomaceous earth is mined from an ancient, dried out sedimentary deposit layer containing microfossils thousands of years old. 85% of its content is silicon. Besides silicon dioxide, it contains 15 types of natural minerals, including magnesium, calcium, sodium, iron and many trace elements such as titanium, boron, manganese, copper and zirconium.

Magnified 7,000 times, diatomaceous earth looks like minute cylinders full of holes. These cylinders have a very strong negative charge. As they pass through the stomach and digestive tract, millions of these cylinders attract and absorb positively charged bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, endotoxins, pesticide residues, drugs and heavy metals. These get trapped in the cylinders and are excreted from the body. ¹

On reaching the large intestine, fructo-oligosaccharides serve as a source of carbon and nutrients for the bifidobacteria present there, and are converted into lactic acid and short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate) and gas similarly to other dietary fibres. ¹ Over recent years, a large amount of research has been carried out to map and understand the nutritional effects of inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides accurately. ^2,3

On reaching the large intestine, fructo-oligosaccharides serve as a source of carbon and nutrients for the bifidobacteria present there, and are converted into lactic acid and short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate) and gas similarly to other dietary fibres. ¹ Over recent years, a large amount of research has been carried out to map and understand the nutritional effects of inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides accurately. ^2,3

¹ Bornet és mtsai., 2002
² Halmos, T., Suba, I. [Physiological patterns of intestinal microbiota. The role of dysbacteriosis in obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes and metabolic syndrome]. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(1), 13–22.
³Rao, 2001; Roberfroid, 2000, 2002; Biedrzycka és Bielecka, 2004; Van de Wiele és mtsai., 2004; Macfarlane és mtsai., 2006).